Les meilleurs oncologues traitant la maladie suivante : Astrocytome - TOP -126 des médecins

Le Dr Bülent Karagöz est un oncologue médical turc très expérimenté, spécialiste des sarcomes et des lymphomes, et chirurgien spécialiste du cancer du sein, avec plus de 20 ans d'expérience. Il est spécialisé dans la biologie des tumeurs, l'immunologie des tumeurs, l'immunothérapie du cancer et les thérapies ciblées. Il a rédigé plus de 40 publications dans le domaine de la recherche sur le cancer et est membre de l'Association turque d'oncologie médicale.

Le Dr Bartolome Oliver exerce depuis 1979 et pratique des opérations microchirurgicales et utilise des appareils de radiochirurgie non invasive. Il propose des consultations en ligne et est membre de diverses communautés médicales internationales. Il est l'auteur de 150 publications et de 350 rapports lors de conférences médicales internationales.

Mustafa Solak, MD est un médecin diplômé de l'École de médecine de l'Université Hacettepe et a effectué des résidences à l'hôpital d'enseignement et de recherche Sisli Etfal d'Istanbul et une bourse à l'Institut du cancer de l'Université Hacettepe. Il se spécialise dans le cancer du sein, le cancer des testicules, le cancer de l'ovaire, le cancer du poumon, le cancer de la tête et du cou et les cancers gastro-intestinaux. Il a également travaillé au MD Anderson Cancer Center de l'Université du Texas, au Hitit University Corum Training Hospital et au Medical Park Hospital.

Le Dr Nejat Akalan est un neurochirurgien de premier plan spécialisé dans les chirurgies cérébrales et nerveuses, avec plus de 35 ans d'expérience. Ses domaines d'expertise comprennent l'épilepsie, les gliomes, les blessures au crâne, les troubles du mouvement, les tumeurs de la colonne vertébrale, les hernies et d'autres troubles nerveux. Il utilise des techniques avancées dans ses interventions chirurgicales et a publié 117 articles scientifiques et un livre.

Radiologue. Hear de l'Institut de Radiologie Diagnostique et Interventionnelle

Éducation

• (2004 – 2011), Faculté de médecine/Université Inonu/ Malatya, Turquie
• (2011 – 2015), Département de radiologie/ Hôpital de formation et de recherche Bagcilar/ Istanbul, Turquie

Carrière

• (2016 – 2020), Radiologue diagnostique et interventionnel / Hôpital d'État de Mus / Mus, Turquie
• (2020 – 2022), professeur adjoint de radiologie diagnostique et interventionnelle/ hôpital universitaire de formation et de recherche de Sakarya/ Sakarya, Turquie
• (2023 – 2024), professeur associé de radiologie diagnostique et interventionnelle / hôpital universitaire de formation et de recherche de Sakarya / Sakarya, Turquie
• (2024 - Présent), Professeur associé de radiologie diagnostique et interventionnelle / Hôpital universitaire Medipol / Istanbul, Turquie

Oncologue, Oncohématologue, Chirurgien

Médecin-chef du Centre d'oncologie et d'hématologie

Le professeur Elke Jaeger est l'un des meilleurs médecins allemands selon le classement Focus.

Expérience

2021 - 2022

Responsable clinique du service de radio-oncologie, hôpital Medicana International d'Istanbul

2021 - 2022

Département de radio-oncologie, Faculté de médecine de l'Université de Biruni

2020 - 2021

Responsable clinique du service de radio-oncologie, hôpital Medicana International d'Istanbul

2017 - 2020

Responsable clinique en radio-oncologie, Neolife Medical Center

2016 - 2017

Département de radio-oncologie, Faculté de médecine de l'Université Osmangazi d'Eskişehir

2011 - 2016

Département de radio-oncologie, Faculté de médecine de l'Université Osmangazi d'Eskişehir

2010 - 2011

Département de radio-oncologie, Faculté de médecine de l'Université Osmangazi d'Eskişehir

2008 - 2010

Clinique de radio-oncologie, hôpital de formation et de recherche de Samsun (coordonnateur de l'éducation)

2006

Faculté de médecine, Université Dokuz Eylül

2006 - 2008

Clinique de radio-oncologie, hôpital d'État Samsun Mehmet Aydın (service obligatoire)

2000 - 2006

Faculté de médecine, Université Dokuz Eylül

Éducation

2022

Faculté de médecine de l'Université de Biruni, Département de radio-oncologie, Membre du corps professoral, Professeur Docteur

2022

Faculté d'éducation ouverte de l'Université Anadolu Programme de premier cycle, patrimoine culturel et tourisme

2021

Fondation des écoles Feyziye École professionnelle des services de santé de l'université d'Işık, membre du corps enseignant, professeur associé, médecin

2017

Faculté de médecine de l'Université Osmangazi d'Eskişehir, Département de radio-oncologie, membre du corps professoral

2017

Faculté de médecine de l'Université Osmangazi d'Eskişehir, Département de radio-oncologie, Professeur associé, Docteur

2006

Hôpital de formation et de recherche de Samsun, médecin spécialiste, service obligatoire

2006

Faculté de médecine de l'Université Dokuz Eylül, Département de radio-oncologie, Spécialisation médicale

1998

Université d'Ege, Faculté de médecine

PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE

2011-2012
Erzurum Koprukoyu State Hospital
Department: General Medicine

2012-2017
Istanbul University Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty
Department: Internal Medicine

06/2017-10/2017
Istanbul Gaziosmanpasa Taksim Training and Research Hospital
Department: Internal Medicine

10/2017-11/2018
Istanbul University Istanbul Medical Faculty
Department: Allergy and Immunology Fellowship

2018/2022
Istanbul University Oncology Institute
Department: Medical Oncology Fellowship

2022-2023
Tekirdag City Hospital
Department: Medical Oncology Specialist

2023-present
Istanbul Medipol University Medipol Bahcelievler Private Hospital
Department: Medical Oncology Assoc. Prof.

EDUCATION

2005-2011
Medical Education
Sivas Cumhuriyet University Medical Faculty, Sivas, Turkey

2012-2017
Internal Medicine
Istanbul University Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey

2017-2018
Allergy-Immunology Fellowship
Istanbul University Istanbul Medical Faculty
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Istanbul, Turkey

2018-2022
Medical Oncology Fellowship
Istanbul University Oncology Institute, Department of Medical Oncology, Istanbul, Turkey

2022
ESMO Board Certification in Medical Oncology
10th September 2022 in Paris, France.

2023
Medical Oncology Assoc. Prof.
Istanbul Medipol University Department of Medical Oncology, Istanbul, Turkey

INTERNATIONAL CLINICAL TRIALS:

1. Astefania - ROCHE

• Title: A Study Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Adjuvant Atezolizumab or Placebo and Trastuzumab Emtansine for Participants With HER2-Positive Breast Cancer at High Risk of Recurrence Following Preoperative Therapy
• Role: Subinvestigator

2. PFİZER

• Title: A Study Of Lorlatinib Versus Crizotinib In First-Line Treatment Of Patients With ALK-Positive NSCLC
• Role: Subinvestigator

3. RECITE - AMGEN

• Title: Study of Romiplostim for Chemotherapy-induced Thrombocytopenia in Adult Subjects With Gastrointestinal, Pancreatic, or Colorectal Cancer
• Role: Subinvestigator

4. NAVIGATE - BAYER

• Title: A Study to Test the Effect of the Drug Larotrectinib in Adults and Children With NTRK-fusion Positive Solid Tumors
• Role: Subinvestigator

5. RUBY - Tesaro (PRA)

• Title: A Phase 3, Randomized, Double-blind, Multicenter Study of Dostarlimab (TSR-042) Plus Carboplatin-paclitaxel Versus Placebo Plus Carboplatin-paclitaxel in Patients With Recurrent or Primary Advanced Endometrial Cancer
• Role: Subinvestigator

6. ENGOT-ov43/GOG-3036 - MSD

• Title: Study of Chemotherapy With Pembrolizumab (MK-3475) Followed by Maintenance With Olaparib (MK-7339) for the First-Line Treatment of Women With BRCA Non-mutated Advanced Epithelial Ovarian Cancer (EOC) (MK-7339-001/KEYLYNK001/ENGOT-ov43/GOG-3036)
• Role: Subinvestigator

7. ASTRA ZENECA

• Title: To Study Clinical Effectiveness and Safety of Olaparib Monotherapy in Metastatic Breast Cancer Patients.
• Role: Subinvestigator

8. ROSY-O - ASTRA ZENECA

• Title: Roll Over StudY for Patients Who Have Completed a Previous Oncology Study With Olaparib
• Role: Subinvestigator
•  

INTERNATIONAL PUBLICATIONS

I. Published journal articles indexed by SCI, SSCI, and AHCI

Weekly Paclitaxel in Classic Kaposi Sarcoma

• Authors: Paksoy, N., Khanmammadov, N., Doğan, İ., Ferhatoğlu, F., Ahmed, M. A., Karaman, S., & Aydiner, A.
• Journal: Medicine, 102(5)

Carboplatin Desensitization in Ovarian Carcinoma

• Authors: Paksoy, N., Khanmammadov, N., Doğan, İ., Ferhatoğlu, F., Yildiz, A., Ak, N., & Aydiner, A.
• Journal: Medicine, 101(45), e31726

High-Dose Chemotherapy for Ewing’s Sarcoma

• Authors: Paksoy, N., Ferhatoglu, F., Dogan, İ., Khanmammadov, N., Celik, A. I., Gulbas, Z., & Başaran, M.
• Journal: Medicine, 101(49), e32213

Multidrug Refractory TFE3(+) Renal Cell Carcinoma

• Authors: Paksoy, Nail, et al.
• Journal: Journal of Oncology Pharmacy Practice, 2022, 28.1: 215-221

Crizotinib Efficacy in NSCLC with MET Alterations

• Authors: Gürbüz, M., Kiliçkap, S., Bilici, A., Karadurmuş, N., Sezer, A., Şendur, M. A. N., ... & Demirkazik, A.
• Journal: Medicine, 101(50), e32368

Clinicopathological Features in ALK Mutant NSCLC

• Authors: Dogan, I., Gurbuz, M., Paksoy, N., Ferhatoglu, F., Vatansever, S., Saip, P., ... & Aydiner, A.
• Journal: Medicine, 101(34)

PSMA-Based Tumor Burden in Prostate Cancer

• Authors: HAS SIMSEK, Duygu, et al.
• Journal: Annals of Nuclear Medicine, 2021, 35.6: 680-690

Atezolizumab in Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma

• Authors: TURAL, Deniz, et al.
• Journal: European Urology Focus, 2021, 7.5: 1061-1066

Pulmonary Sarcomatoid Carcinoma

• Authors: FERHATOGLU, Ferhat, et al.
• Journal: Oncology Research and Treatment, 2021, 44.11: 590-601

Prognostic Factors in Atezolizumab-Treated Urothelial Carcinoma

• Authors: TURAL, Deniz, et al.
• Journal: International Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2021, 26.8: 1506-1513

Atezolizumab with Chemotherapy in Small Cell Lung Cancer

• Authors: GÜRBÜZ, Mustafa, et al.
• Journal: Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology, 2022, 1-9

FOLFIRINOX vs. Gemcitabine + Nab-Paclitaxel in Pancreatic Cancer

• Authors: AY, Seval, et al.
• Journal: Journal of Chemotherapy, 2022, 1-7

Trastuzumab Emtansine in Older HER2-Positive Breast Cancer Patients

• Authors: CIL, Ibrahim, et al.
• Journal: Tumori Journal, 2022, 108.1: 19-25

Real-Life Efficacy of Osimertinib in Advanced NSCLC

• Authors: HIZAL, Mutlu, et al.
• Journal: Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology, 2022, 148.6: 1501-1508

ALK-Positive Cells Percentage and Alectinib Efficacy

• Authors: Hizal, M., Bilgin, B., Paksoy, N., Atcı, M. M., Kahraman, S., Kılıçkap, S., ... & Şendur, M. A. N.
• Journal: Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology, 149(8), 4141-4148

Real-World Data on Alectinib in ALK-Positive NSCLC

• Authors: Hizal, M., Bilgin, B., Paksoy, N., Kılıçkap, S., Atcı, M. M., Kahraman, S., ... & Şendur, M. A. N.
• Journal: Future Oncology, 18(23), 2573-2582

Prognostic Factors in Metastatic RCC with T790M Mutation

• Authors: Dogan, I., Iribas, A., Paksoy, N., Vatansever, S., & Basaran, M.
• Journal: Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics

FLOT Regimen in Metastatic Gastric Cancer

• Authors: Tastekin, D., Paksoy, N., Dogan, I., Ferhatoglu, F., Khanmammadov, N., Bozbey, H. U., & Karabulut, S.
• Journal: Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics

Desensitization Protocol in Lenalidomide Hypersensitivity Reactions

• Authors: DEMIR, Semra, et al.
• Journal: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, 2019, 123.4: 394-397

Factors Associated with Diagnostic Skin Test Positivity in PPI Hypersensitivity

• Authors: ÖZDEMIR, Seçil Kepil, et al.
• Journal: Allergy, 2019, 74.6: 1187-1190

Efficacy of Capecitabine and Temozolomide in Neuroendocrine Tumors

• Authors: Ünal, Ç., Azizy, A., Karabulut, S., Taştekin, D., Akyıldız, A., Yaşar, S., ... & Sağlam, S.
• Journal: The Oncologist, oyad257

Subsequent Treatments in Hormone-Positive Breast Cancer Progression

• Authors: Karacin, C., Oksuzoglu, B., Demirci, A., Keskinkılıç, M., Baytemür, N. K., Yılmaz, F., ... & Hacıbekiroğlu, İ.
• Journal: BMC cancer, 23(1), 192

Termination of Trastuzumab in HER2-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer

• Authors: Dogan, I., Aydin, E., Khanmammadov, N., Paksoy, N., Saip, P., & Aydiner, A.
• Journal: Scientific Reports, 13(1), 8779

Long-term Outcomes and Predictors of Recurrence in Node-Negative Early Stage Breast Cancer

• Authors: Dogan, I., Aydin, E., Khanmammadov, N., Paksoy, N., Ferhatoğlu, F., Ak, N., ... & Aydiner, A.
• Journal: Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology, 1-9

Prognostic Factors Influencing PFS in HER2-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer

• Authors: Doğan, İ., Paksoy, N., Ak, N., Vatansever, S., Saip, P., & Aydıner, A.
• Journal: European Journal of Breast Health, 19(2), 128

Treatment Efficacy of Ribociclib or Palbociclib plus Letrozole in Metastatic Breast Cancer

• Authors: Kahraman, S., Erul, E., Seyyar, M., Gumusay, O., Bayram, E., Demirel, B. C., ... & Nahit Sendur, M. A.
• Journal: Future Oncology, 19(10), 727-736

Efficacy and Safety of Sorafenib in Adult Metastatic Osteosarcoma Patients

• Authors: Dogan, I., Paksoy, N., & Basaran, M.
• Journal: Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics

Single-Agent Temozolomide as Salvage Therapy in Heavily Pretreated Metastatic Sarcoma Patients

• Authors: Dogan, I., Paksoy, N., & Basaran, M.
• Journal: Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics

Outcomes and Prognostic Factors in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma with Brain Metastases

• Authors: Dogan, I., Iribas, A., Paksoy, N., Vatansever, S., & Basaran, M.
• Journal: Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics

FLOT Regimen in First-Line Treatment of Metastatic Gastric Cancer

• Authors: Tastekin, D., Paksoy, N., Dogan, I., Ferhatoglu, F., Khanmammadov, N., Bozbey, H. U., & Karabulut, S.
• Journal: Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics

Prognostic Factors of Perioperative FLOT Regimen in Operable Gastric Cancer

• Authors: Erol, C., Sakin, A., Basoglu, T., Ozden, E., Cabuk, D., Dogan, M., ... & Sendur, M. A. N.
• Journal: [Not specified]

Efficacy and Outcomes of Systemic Chemotherapy in Posttransplant Kaposi Sarcoma

• Authors: Khanmammadov, N., Paksoy, N., Doğan, I., Ferhatoğlu, F., Saip, P., & Aydiner, A.
• Journal: Medicine, 102(39), e35383

Comparison of Second-Line Treatments in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma

• Authors: Pehlivan, M., Paksoy, N., Aydin, E., Basaran, M., & Ekenel, M.
• Journal: Medicine, 102(41), e35245

Toxicity Management and Effectiveness of Regorafenib in Advance GIST Patients: A Real-world Study - Authors: Paksoy, N., Ferhatoğlu, F., Doğan, İ., Khanmammadov, N., Bozbey, H. U., Karabulut, S., & Taştekin, D. - Journal: TURKISH JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY, 1(1)

Demographic and Clinical Features and Factors Associated with Survival in Patients with Primary Glomerulonephritis: Single Tertiary Center Experience - Authors: Paksoy, N., Trabulus, S., Seyahi, N., & Altiparmak, M. R. - Journal: Namik Kemal Tip Dergisi, 11(1)

Efficacy of Sorafenib in Symptomatic Patients with Pretreated Progressive Desmoid Tumors - Authors: Paksoy, N., Ferhatoglu, F., Dogan, I., Ak, N., Pehlivan, M., Ekenel, M., & Basaran, M.

Nodal Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy is a Better Predictive Factor of Survival Than Miller-Payne Scoring in Breast Cancer - Authors: Ak, Naziye, et al. - Journal: Journal of Oncological Sciences, 7.2: 42-49

Evaluation of Prognostic and Predictive Values of Hemogram Parameters in Patients with Advanced Stage Ovarian Carcinoma - Authors: Ak, Naziye, et al. - Journal: Turkish Journal of Oncology/Türk Onkoloji Dergisi, 2021, 36.4

Identifying Risk Factors Associated with Survival and Drug-Related Toxicities in Imatinib-Resistant Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST) Patients Treated with Sunitinib - Authors: Ferhatoglu, F., Karabulut, S., Paksoy, N., & Tastekin, D.

Real-life Outcomes of ROS1 Fusion-positive Metastatic Lung Cancer Patients who were Treated with Crizotinib - Authors: Dogan, İ., Khanmammadov, N., Paksoy, N., Ferhatoglu, F., Aydın, E., Vatansever, S., & Aydine, A. - Journal: TURK ONKOLOJI DERGISI-TURKISH JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY

Predictors of the acquisition of T790M mutation in EGFR-mutant metastatic lung cancer patients who were treated with EGFR inhibitors - Authors: Dogan, I., Khanmammadov, N., Paksoy, N., Vatansever, S., Saip, P., & Aydıner, A. - Journal: Eurasian Journal of Pulmonology

Laterality of Adrenal Gland Metastasis in Lung Cancer: Results of a Comparative Study - Authors: Ferhatoglu, F., Gagatay, T., Okumus, G., Aydiner, A., Paksoy, N., Ak, N., ... & Saip, P. - Journal: Eurasian Journal of Medical Investigation, 7(2)

Poor Risk Factors Affecting Cancer Patients Infected with Covid-19: A Retrospective Comparative Study from a Pandemic Hospital - Authors: Ferhatoglu, F., Kapağan, T., Paksoy, N., Ak, N., Medetalibeyoğlu, A., Şenkal, N., ... & Vatansever, S. - Journal: Turk Onkoloji Dergisi, 38(1)

Systemic Treatment Outcomes of Progressive Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma from the Registries of a Tertiary Cancer Center - Authors: Ferhatoglu, F., Paksoy, N., & Başaran, M. - Journal: Namik Kemal Tip Dergisi, 10(4)

Evaluation of clinical features and risk factors related to late recurrence (> 5 years) in patients with breast cancer - Authors: Ferhatoglu, F., Aydiner, A., & Paksoy, N. - Journal: Journal of Surgery & Medicine (JOSAM), 6(12)

Assessing the Clinical Impact of Lutetium-177 DOTATATE Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy (PRRT) on Metastatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: A Multicenter Real-World Data from Türkiye

Thesis:

Istanbul University Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Internal Medicine Department PAKSOY, Nail. Demographical, clinical characteristics and survival factors in patients withprimary glomerulonephritis: Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty Experience. (2016)

International Refereed Congress / Symposium Publications in Proceedings (ASCO/ESMO Abstracts)

Prognostic factors influencing progression-free survival in HER2 positive metastatic breast cancer patients who treated with lapatinib and capecitabine combination

• Authors: Dogan, I., Paksoy, N., Ak, N., Vatansever, S., Saip, P., & Aydiner, A. (2022)

Efficacy of regorafenib and 5-fluorouracil-based rechallenge treatment in the third-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer: A Turkish oncology group study

• Authors: Şenocak Taşçi, E., Oyan, B., Sonmez, O., Mutlu, A. U., Atcı, M. M., Oner, I., ... & Gulmez, A. (2022)

Long-term outcomes and predictors of recurrence in patients with early-stage node-negative breast cancer

• Authors: Dogan, I., Aydin, E., Paksoy, N., Ferhatoglu, F., Ak, N., Ibis, K., ... & Aydiner, A. (2021)

Efficacy of temozolomide in pretreated patients with metastatic sarcoma

• Authors: Paksoy, N., Dogan, I., Ekenel, M., & Basaran, M. (2021)

Efficacy of sorafenib in symptomatic patients with pretreated progressive desmoid tumors

• Authors: Ferhatoglu, F., Paksoy, N., Dogan, I., Ak, N., Pehlivan, M., Ekenel, M., & Basaran, M. (2021)

Efficacy of sorafenib in heavily pretreated adult patients with metastatic osteosarcoma

• Authors: Paksoy, N., Dogan, I., Ekenel, M., & Basaran, M. (2021)

Outcomes and prognostic factors in metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients with brain metastases

• Authors: Dogan, İ., Iribas, A., Paksoy, N., Ekenel, M., Vatansever, S., & Basaran, M. (2021)

Association of response to first-line chemotherapy with the efficacy of atezolizumab in patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma

• Authors: Tural, D., Olmez, O. F., Sümbül, A. T., Artac, M., Ozhan, N., Akar, E., ... & Erman, M. (2021)

Safety and survival in adult women with platinum-sensitive relapsed BRCA mutant ovarian cancer: A study of patients in Olaparib Turkey Early Access Program—LynTurk study

• Authors: Esin, E., Ahmed, M. A., Yıldırım, H. Ç., Mandel, N. M., Erdemoglu, E., Sari, M., ... & Paydas, S. (2023)

Atezolizumab in patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma who have progressed after first-line chemotherapy: Results of real-life experiences

• Authors: Tural, D., Ölmez, Ö. F., Sümbül, A. T., Artaç, M., Özhan, N., Akar, E., ... & Kılıçkap, S. (2021)

Wolfgang Johannes Köstler est un spécialiste certifié en médecine interne, hématologie/oncologie et médecine des soins intensifs, spécialisé en hématologie et oncologie interne, médecine des soins intensifs. Il est l'un des spécialistes du cancer du sein et du sarcome les mieux classés et possède une vaste expérience dans ce domaine. Il est diplômé de l'Université médicale de Vienne et de l'Institut scientifique Weizmann. Il a également suivi une formation spéciale au Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center et au Royal Prince Alfred Hospital.

La clinique de neuro-oncologie d'Ichilov

Le professeur Zvi Ram est un neurochirurgien de premier plan qui dirige l'Association européenne des sociétés de neurochirurgie (EANS). Il est spécialisé dans les troubles du cerveau et de la moelle épinière, tels que les anévrismes, les tumeurs cérébrales et la maladie de Parkinson. Il a reçu de nombreuses récompenses pour son approche innovante des traitements et de la recherche en neurologie, et est un expert des opérations neurochirurgicales avec cartographie cérébrale et stimulation cérébrale profonde.