Les Meilleurs doctors pour votre Enlèvement de la bosse nasale - TOP 131 des médecins

Professional Experience:

Faculty of Medicine:
Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine (2017)

Specialization:
Marmara University, Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery (2018-2022)

Surgical Trainings:
Active Physician/Plastic Surgeon in Marmara University Hospital / over 5 years of experience
and has performed over 600 surgeries and involved in more than 200 surgeries.

MUHAMMET MUSTAFA AYDINOL

Yeşilçimen Sokak No:12 Polat Tower Residence K:2 D:20 Fulya/Şişli/İstanbul • 05542302530 •

www.mustafaaydinol.com

Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeon Work Experience

2020 Jun Plastic Surgeon - Specialist

Mustafa Aydinol Clinic

2019 Dec - 2020 Jun Plastic Surgeon - Specialist

Nişantaşı Hospital

2019 Jun - 2019 Dec Plastic Surgeon - Specialist

Amerikan Estetik Surgical Medical Center

2017 Nov - 2019 Jun Plastic Surgeon - Specialist

Erzincan Mengücek Gazi Education and Research Hospital

2012 Jan - 2017 Nov Plastic Surgery Resident

Dicle University School of Medicine Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery

2010 Dec - 2012 Jan Health Professions and Private Diagnostic&Treatment Centers Directorate Doctor Diyarbakır Provincial Directorate of Health

Education

2012 - 2017 Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Specialist Diploma 

Dicle University - Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Clinic

2004 - 2010 Medical Doctor Degree

Cumhuriyet University School of Medicine

2001 - 2004 High School Diploma Cumhuriyet Science High School

1997 - 2001 Middle School Diploma Tarsus American College

Skills

English Spanish

TOEFL: 103 IELTS:8.5 B1

Memberships

Turkish Society of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons 

TurkishSociety of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons

International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery 

Rhinoplasty Society Of Europe

Publications

“Multiple disseminated pyogenic granuloma after second degree scald burn: a rare two case”, Durgun M, Selçuk CT, Ozalp B, Aydinol M, Alabalik U, Int J Burns Trauma. 2013 Apr 18;3(2):125-9.

“Toe Amputation After Minor Surgery in a Patient with Behçet’s Disease: A Case Report”, Özalp B, Akcay C, Aydinol M, Selçuk CT,J Foot Ankle Surg. 2016 May-Jun;55(3):638-41.

“Perforator-based propeller flaps for leg reconstruction in pediatric patients”, Özalp B, Aydınol M, J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg.2016 Oct;69(10):e205-11.

“Breast Augmentation Combining Fat Injection and Breast Implants in Patients With Atrophied Breasts”, Özalp B, Aydinol M., Ann Plast Surg. 2017 Jun;78(6):623-628.

“Is the transposition of the nipple-areolar complex necessary in Simon grade 2b gynecomastia operations using suction- assistedliposuction?”, Özalp B, Berköz Ö, Aydınol M., J Plast Surg Hand Surg. 2018 Feb;52(1):7-13.

Posters & Presentations

POSTERS

“Opinions of Last Year Medical School Students on Plastic Surgery and Medical School Education: A Survey Study”, M. Aydinol,

B. Özalp, 38th Turkish Society of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons National Meeting.

“A Novel Technique For Nipple Reconstruction; Intradermal Nevus Graft”, B. Özalp, A. Calavul, E. Çelikkaleli, M. Aydınol, 38th Turkish Society of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons National Meeting.

“Co-existence of Multiple Malign Melanoma and Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans In Lower Extremity”, S. Erbatur, M. Aydınol.

“Soft Tissue Defect Due To Brucella Infection In Sternum and Clavicle Area”, C.T.Selçuk, B. Özalp, M. Durgun, A. Calavul, M. Aydınol

Presentations

“Perforator-based propeller flaps for leg reconstruction in pediatric patients”, B. Özalp, M. Aydınol.

Meetings & Courses

2012 34th Turkish Society of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons National Meeting Antalya/Turkey 2013Microsurgery course Zurich/Switzerland

2014 Royal College of Surgeons Upper Limb and Hand Cadaver Dissection Course London/UK 2014 Royal College of Surgeons Breast and Torso Cadaver Dissection Course London/UK 2015 Plastic Surgery The Meeting Boston/ABD

2016 Nazim Cerkes Open Rhinoplasty Course Istanbul/Turkey

2016 38th Turkish Society of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons National Meeting Antalya/Turkey 2017 Nazim Cerkes Open Rhinoplasty Course Istanbul/Turkey

2017 RSE (Rhinoplasty Society of Europe) Live Surgery Course Istanbul/Turkey 

2018EPCD National Meeting Istanbul/Turkey

2018 6th Bergamo Open Rhinoplasty Course Bergamo/Italy

2018 Teoman Dogan 4th Push Down Rhinoplasty Surgery Course Istanbul/Turkey 

2019 EPCDNational Meeting Istanbul/Turkey

2019 Serdar Eren Facelift Workshop

2019 TPRCD XII. Rhinoplasty and V. Facial Aesthetics Course

2019 ISAPS Course & 11th International Eurasian Aesthetic Plastic Surgery Meeting

2019 Aestheticstanbul Aesthetic Surgery Congress

2019 Eurasian Non-Surgical Days

2019 LG Yvoire Advanced Cadaver Training Course 2019 Istanbul Live Surgery Rhinoplasty Course 2020 IMCAS WorldCongress

2021 ISAPS World Congress 2021 Bella EyesCourse

2021 Hands-On Human Cadaver Course 2022 ISAPS World Congress

2022 TSAPS Breast Surgery School 2023 MentorBreast Symposium

2023 3rd Joint International Meeting of Rhinoplasty Societies 2023 ISAPS Olympiad Athens World Congress

2023 BLS and ACLS Course

2024 TSAPS 28th National Congress 2024Exosomes&Stem Cell Meeting

2024 Face to Face Istanbul Live Surgery International Congress 2024The New Frontiers of Facelifting

2024 Midface Lift&Cadaver Dissection Course

Hobies

Snowboard, Cycling, Crossfit, Running, Swimming, Kitesurfing, Photography, Travelling, Books, Guitar

Certificates

BLS and ACLS

Dr. Selin Güler embarked on her medical journey at Eskişehir Osmangazi University Medical School. After completing her primary medical education there, she opted for one of the top 3 medical schools, Dokuz Eylül University Medical School, for her Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery higher medical education.

Dr. Selin Güler initiated her professional career at Boyabat State Hospital and later transitioned to Dokuz Eylül University. In 2022, she assumed the role of the main plastic surgeon at Private Medifema Hospital. And became one of the most sought after doctors in Turkey in her field in a very short time.

Professor Hakan
Aesthetic Plastic Surgeon

EDUCATION

• 2006: Ege University - Medical School, MD
• 2014: Atatürk University Medical Faculty - Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, MS

EXPERTISE

• Abdominoplasty (Tummy Tuck)
• Breast Augmentation / Reduction
• Rhinoplasty / Septoplasty
• Blepharoplasty
• Otoplasty
• Buccal Fat Removal
• Microsurgery
• Non-Surgical Face Treatments
• Liposculpture
• Brazilian Butt Lifting
• Arm, Thigh, Back, and Breast Lifting
• Gynecomastia
• Labiaplasty, Hymenoplasty
• Vaginoplasty
• Fat Injection

MEMBERSHIPS

• Turkish Plastic Reconstructive Aesthetic Surgery Association (TPRECD)

PUBLISHED JOURNAL ARTICLES

1. Reconstruction of Complex Shallow Defects of the Extremities with Free Serratus Musculofascial Flap
2. Latissimus Dorsi Flap Harvest with a Short Incision
3. Treatment of Linear Scleroderma (en Coup de Sabre) with Dermal Fat Grafting
4. Versatile Use of Rhomboid Flaps for Closure of Skin Defects
5. Reconstruction of Postburn Contractures Due to Tandem Oven
6. Ultrasound Guided Bilateral Rhomboid Intercostal Block for Breast Reduction Surgery
7. Total Lower Lip Reconstruction with Functional Gracilis Free Muscle Flap
8. Management of Saddle Nose Deformity Using Dermal Fat and Costal Cartilage "Sandwich" Graft: A Problem-Oriented Approach and Anthropometric Evaluation
9. Total Lower Lip Reconstruction Using Free Neurotendinous Fascocutaneous Anterolateral Thigh Composite Flap: A Case Report
10. Maxillofacial Fracture Experiences: A Review of 152 Cases
11. Neurotized Sural Flap: An Alternative in Sensory Reconstruction of the Foot and Ankle Defects

Op. Dr. Ali Çetinkaya

Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Specialist

I started my specialization training at the University of Health Sciences, Ankara Training and Research Hospital’s Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery Department in 2012.

During my residency, I had ample opportunities to experience and perform a variety of aesthetic, reconstructive, and microsurgical procedures.

In 2014, I qualified for international proficiency in microsurgery after attending the International Microsurgery Course in Monza, Italy.

In 2015, as part of an international health service initiative organized by the Ministry of Health, I spent 10 days in Uzbekistan, where I performed numerous surgeries on cleft lips/palates and burn patients.

I have further enhanced my skills by participating in various domestic and international conventions and courses.

In 2017, I completed my specialization and received the title of Specialist in Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery.

Between 2017 and 2019, I worked at Aydın Atatürk Hospital, where I performed numerous aesthetic and reconstructive surgeries.

I also gained three years of experience in private clinics and aesthetic surgery hospitals in Aydın and Istanbul.

Since 2022, I have been working at my own private practice in Nisantası, Istanbul.

I am fluent in English and have an intermediate level of German.

I am a member of the Turkish Medical Association (TTB), the Turkish Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Association (TPRECD), the Turkish Aesthetic Plastic Surgery Association (TEPCD), and the International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ISAPS)

Courses and Congresses I Attended

• 7 – 9  Kasım 2013                   Makale Hazırlama ve Sunum Kursu, Ankara
• 7 Kasım – 9 Kasım 2013       7. Cerrahi Araştırma Kongresi, Ankara
• 24 – 27 April 2014 6th National Reconstructive Microsurgery Association Congress,Antalya
• 21 – 24 October 2014 Microsurgery Course Monza University Hospital. Neurosurgery Department Microsurgery Laboratory, Monza (Italy)
• 3 – 4 April 2015 9. Basic Hand Surgery Course, Ankara
• 10 – 11 April 2015 Breast Cancer Related Lymphedema Symposium, Ankara
• 17 September – 20 September 2015th 9th Congress of the Balkan Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Thessaloniki (Greece) Selanik (Yunanistan)
• 7 -18 December 2015 Experimental Animals Use Certificate Course, Ankara
• 2 April 2016 Breast Cancer Treatment Complications Course, Ankara
• 9 – 10 April 2016 TPRECD 9. Rhinoplasty Course, Ankara
• 5 – 7 May 2016 TPRECD 2. Facial Aesthetics Course, Ankara
• 1 – 5 April 2017 10. Plastic Surgery Assistant School, Antalya
• 12 – 15 April 2017 Nazım Çerkes Open Rhinoplasty Live Surgery Course, Istanbul
• 2 – 4 June 2017 İstanbul Rhinoplasty Workshop
• 11 – 14 October 2017 39th Congress of Turkish Plastic Reconstructive Aesthetic Surgery Association, Antalya
• 17-21October 2018 39th Congress of Turkish Plastic Reconstructive Aesthetic Surgery Association, Antalya
• 7-10 June 2018 TPRECD 10th Rhinoplasty Course and 4th Facial Aesthetics Course, İzmir
• 29 November-1 December 2018 Preservation Rhinoplasty Course, Istanbul
• 12-13 January 2018 Aesthetic Plastic Surgery Association 23rd National Congress, Istanbul
• 7-9 March 2018 Bergamo to Istanbul Rhinoplasty Live Surgery Meeting, Istanbul
• 2-3 May 2019 Microlift and Stem Cell Course with Live Surgeries, Istanbul
• 4 May 2019 Dr. Serdar Eren Facelift Surgery Workshop, Istanbul
• 20-23 June 2019 11th International Eurasian Aesthetic Plastic Surgery Course and ISAPS Course, Istanbul
• 7-9 Kasım 2019 Bosphorus Breast Surgery Course by Dr. Akin Yucel, Istanbul
• 16-17 Kasım 2019 Aesthetic Surgery School, Istanbul
• 13-15 Aralık 2019 Istanbul Live Surgery Rhinoplasty Course, Istanbul
• January 2021 Aesthetic Plastic Surgery Association 26th National Congress, Istanbul
• June 2021 13th International Eurasian Aesthetic Plastic Surgery Course and ISAPS Course, Istanbul
• November 2022 Aestheticstanbul Symposium

Este Home Health Tourism is a prestigious organization at the forefront of Turkey’s health tourism sector, offering internationally recognized, high-standard services. The company specializes in health tourism and is managed by a team of experienced professionals, each highly regarded in their respective fields. Este Home is led by two prominent experts specializing in critical areas such as aesthetic surgery and hair transplantation: Dr. Murat İmalı and Hair Transplant Specialist Fatih Taşalan.

Dr. Murat İmalı

Dr. Murat İmalı is a distinguished expert in the field of aesthetics, renowned for his extensive knowledge and numerous successful procedures. He completed his medical education at one of Turkey’s leading universities and specializes in aesthetic surgery, particularly facial aesthetics, medical device applications, fillers, and botox. Dr. İmalı’s vision is to provide the best outcomes tailored to each patient’s unique needs.

Hair Transplant Specialist Fatih Taşalan

Fatih Taşalan is a globally recognized expert in hair transplantation and restoration. He has significantly contributed to Turkey becoming a global hub for hair transplantation. Using innovative techniques such as FUE, DHI, and Sapphire FUE, Taşalan delivers natural and long-lasting results. Under his leadership, Este Home provides reliable and professional hair transplant services to hundreds of patients from around the world each year.

A+ Treatments and Services

Este Home offers a wide range of A+ treatments and services, extending beyond aesthetic surgery and hair transplantation, including:

• Aesthetic Surgery Services: Facial aesthetics, liposuction, tummy tucks, breast augmentation/reduction.
• Hair Transplantation and Hair Treatments: FUE, DHI, Exosome and Stem Cell Therapy, PRP treatments, and mesotherapy.
• Dental Aesthetics: Zirconium crowns, implants, laminate veneers, and smile design.
• Medical Treatments: Bariatric surgery (obesity operations), orthopedics, cardiology.
• Beauty and Rejuvenation: Medical skincare, botox, fillers, and laser treatments.

Why Choose Este Home?

• International Certifications and Standards: Este Home adheres to international accreditation standards and operates with state-of-the-art medical equipment.
• Customized Treatment Plans: Individualized treatment programs tailored to each patient.
• Comfortable Health Tourism Experience: Comprehensive services including transportation, accommodation, translation, and city tours.
• Customer Satisfaction: Este Home boasts a 98% customer satisfaction rate, setting a benchmark in the sector.

Under the leadership of Dr. Murat İmalı and Fatih Taşalan, Este Home continues to be a symbol of quality and trust in health tourism, both in Turkey and on the global stage. Entrust your health to the expert care of Este Home!

Dr. Orhan Aydın
Specialist in Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery

Professional Summary

A highly accomplished Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgeon with 16 years of clinical experience. Over 3,000 rhinoplasty procedures and more than 15,000 aesthetic surgeries have been performed, demonstrating exceptional expertise in facial rejuvenation, body contouring, breast surgeries, and advanced reconstructive techniques. Skilled in both surgical and non-surgical procedures, with a strong commitment to patient care, innovation, and precision in achieving outstanding results.

Education

• Doctor of Medicine (MD) – Celal Bayar University, School of Medicine
• Residency in Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery – Pamukkale University, School of Medicine

Professional Experience

Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgeon

Pamukkale University Training and Research Hospital (2009 – 2014)

• Gained expertise in complex reconstructive surgeries, including hand and maxillofacial procedures.
• Actively involved in academic training programs for medical residents.

Sanlıurfa Mehmet Akif İnan Training and Research Hospital (2014 – 2016)

• Conducted a high volume of rhinoplasty and breast surgeries, establishing a reputation for meticulous attention to detail.

Ankara Dr. A. Yurtaslan Oncology Training and Research Hospital (2016 – 2018)

• Specialized in reconstructive surgeries for oncology patients, including breast reconstruction and skin cancer surgeries.

Private Clinic, Ankara (2018 – Present)

• Successfully performed thousands of aesthetic and reconstructive surgeries, focusing on patient satisfaction and innovative surgical techniques.
• Expanded practice to include non-surgical treatments such as fillers, Botox, and laser therapies.

Areas of Expertise

• Rhinoplasty (Nasal Surgery)
• Breast Surgeries: Augmentation, Reduction, Lifting
• Facial Rejuvenation: Facelift, Neck Lift, Eyelid Surgery
• Body Contouring: Liposuction, Tummy Tuck, BBL
• Reconstructive Surgeries: Hand Surgery, Breast Reconstruction, Skin Cancer Treatments
• Non-Surgical Procedures: Botox, Fillers, Laser Therapies
• Burn and Scar Management

Certifications & Courses

• Preservation Rhinoplasty Certification – Preservation Rhinoplasty Course, 2018
• Closed Atraumatic Rhinoplasty Certification – 2019
• International Health Tourism Certification – Ministry of Health, 2022

Publications

• "A Rare Case of Endochondral Pseudocyst of the Auricle" – Aesthetic Plastic Surgery Journal, 2016
• "Effects of Tamoxifen on Survival of Cutaneous and Myocutaneous Flaps" – European Review of Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 2014
• "Intramuscular Myxoma: Clinical and Surgical Observations" – Published with Pamukkale University Research Team

Languages

• English: Fluent
• Turkish: Native

Contact Information

Dr. Orhan Aydın
Maidan Work Center, C/55, Ankara, Turkey
Website: www.drorhanaydin.com
Instagram: @drorhanaydin

Dr. Emre Uregen, born in Ankara, Turkey in 1978, is a distinguished aesthetic, plastic, and reconstructive surgeon. He graduated from Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine in 2002 and completed his residency at Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt Training and Research Hospital, where he performed over 2,000 surgeries.

In addition to his extensive expertise in plastic and reconstructive surgery, Dr. Uregen has made significant contributions to the field of hair loss treatment and transplantation. With a successful track record of over 5,000 hair transplantation procedures, he is highly regarded for his meticulous approach to the canal-opening process and his precise determination of the angle and direction of transplanted hair. Dr. Uregen emphasizes that these factors are crucial in achieving both the overall success and the natural appearance of hair transplant surgeries.

Dr. Emre Uregen’s dedication to excellence is evident in his comprehensive approach to both plastic surgery and hair restoration. His commitment to achieving optimal results for his patients reflects his passion for innovation and his desire to stay at the forefront of his field.

Gunel Asadullayeva Sharif gizi

Medical experience: 7 years.

In 2000, she graduated from school No. 82 and entered the medical faculty of the Azerbaijan State Medical University. She completed her residency at Clinical Hospital No. 5 and received an education in the specialty of surgeon. She worked as a surgeon-oncologist at the AMU Oncology Clinic. In 2014, she graduated from the "Fundamentals of Integrative Medicine" program. at the LMU Clinic in Munich, Germany. Completed a certified pre-qualification program in the specialty "Dermatocosmetologist" in Hannover. Works as a cosmetologist at the Kepro aesthetic clinic since 2021.

At the same time, he is the head of the "Kepro School of Medical Cosmetology". Official trainer of the Lumenis company in Azerbaijan. Participant of various international trainings.

Uses all types of injections, contour plastic surgery, botulinum therapy, thread lifting and various methods of hardware cosmetology (Needle RF, IPL, various types of laser procedures, Smas).

The doctor speaks fluent Azerbaijani, Russian and English.

Emine Handan Simsek TURAN M.D. was born in 1989, Antalya / Turkey. She graduated from Antalya Anatolian High School in 2007. She studied at Akdeniz University School of Medicine between 2007-2013. In 2011 , she studied at RWTH Aachen University in Germany for one year with an exchange programme. She started her residency in Ear, Nose , Throat & Head and Neck Surgery at Antalya Research and Training Hospital in 2014. After two years she changed her residency department and started to Plastic , Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery department at the same hospital in 2016 . She worked as an observer in Lavender Clinic in Vietnam to gain more experience on eyelid surgery and nose surgery.

After completing her residency , she worked for 2 years in Antalya Research and Training Hospital for mandatory government work. She currently examines her patients in her own clinic located in the center of Antalya. Her surgical interests include; rhinoplasty, blepharoplasty, breast surgeries, abdominoplasty and facial reshaping surgeries.

Saadet Nasibova

Dermatologist

Experience 11 years

Graduated from the Dagestan State University, medical faculty. On June 25, 2003, a diploma was issued. Completed an internship in therapy at the State Railway Hospital in Baku in 2004.

Retrained as a cosmetologist in 2014. Completed private courses. Also completed training at Kepro School.

She is currently a clinical trainer at Pollogen. The doctor also teaches at Kepro School on invasive and non-invasive methods. She was a clinical trainer at Forlled.

To this day, he studies innovations in aesthetic medicine, attends trainings, conferences, etc.

The doctor speaks Russian and Azerbaijani.

Agalarova Ayla Gamid kizi - graduated from the Azerbaijan State Medical University in 1993. Specialization: pharmacology. Teacher at Kepro School since 2016. To this day, she attends trainings, conferences, studies innovations in the field of aesthetic cosmetology.

The doctor speaks the following languages: Russian, Azerbaijani, English.

Performs the following procedures: mesotherapy, biorevitalization, contour plastic surgery, botulinum therapy, thread technologies, APTOS, hardware techniques, etc.

Meerchenko Evgenia

Dermatologist, cosmetologist. Experience since 2009.

Graduated from the Siberian State Medical University in the specialty of medical care in 2006. Completed 2 years of residency in dermatovenereology, then specializing in a cosmetologist. To this day, she studies innovations in the field of aesthetic cosmetology, attends conferences and trainings.

Performs procedures such as:

-contour plastic surgery of the face, lips,

-full face, Radiesse

- botulinum therapy

-biorevitalization

-thread lifting

- hardware (laser resurfacing, phototherapy, needle RF lifting, ultrasound smas lifting)

The language the doctor speaks is Russian.

Nigar Velizade - graduated from the Azerbaijan State Medical University, pediatric faculty. Work experience since 2008.

She is the official trainer of the company Galderma (Sweden) Restylane, and is also the official trainer for botulinum therapy Disport.

She completed clinical training in Italy (Verona), Switzerland (Bern), France (Nice), Turkey (Ankara), Georgia (Tbilisi). She participated in numerous conferences, courses in the field of aesthetic cosmetology, and received numerous certificates for each achievement. To this day, she continues to participate in learning innovations in the field of cosmetology.

Conducts the following therapies: mesotherapy, plasma therapy, laennec, biorevitalization, collagen stimulators, contour plastic surgery, botulinum therapy, thread technologies, APTOS. Hardware procedures: needle RF, IPL technologies, Fractional CO2, etc.

Andreeva Elvira Ilyasovna - dermatologist, cosmetologist. In 2005 she graduated from the Bashkir State Medical University in the specialty of general medicine, internship in therapy, specialization in dermatovenereology and dermatocosmetology.

18 years of clinical experience in aesthetic medicine. Additional specialization in trichology, ozone therapy, healthcare organization.

Extensive experience in international internships, annual Cadaver workshops in Istanbul, Prague and Russia. International trainer in Aptos thread rejuvenation techniques, practicing these technologies for over 10 years. Has repeatedly undergone individual hand setting by the developers of this technique. Performs all injection procedures, as well as all modern hardware technologies.