La Plateforme de Tourisme Médicale n°1 depuis 2014

Les meilleurs doctors à Ankara pour votre Facettes en zircone - TOP 6 des médecins

author
Le contenu respecte la Politique Éditoriale Bookimed et est examinée médicalement par
Fahad Mawlood - Praticien généraliste. Lauréat de 4 prix scientifiques. Diplômé en Asie occidentale. Ancien Chef d'une équipe médicale aidant les patients arabes. Aujourd'hui responsable du traitement des données et de l'exactitude du contenu médical.
image
Caner Ozturk
Dentist
14 années d'expérience
Turquie, Ankara
Medipol University Ankara Dental Hospital

Caner Ozturk

Dentist
14 années d'expérience

Gulsevim Oda, D.M.D

Fields of Study and Interests

  • Anterior and posterior region restorations
  • Milk tooth amputation and root canal treatment 
  • Tooth extraction and space maintainers
  • Dental Treatments Under General Anesthesia
  • Protective dental treatments

Education

2015- İstanbul University Faculty of Dentistry 

2020- İstanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Pedodontics

Career

2022- continuing Ankara Medipol University Dental Hospital

2015 - 2020 Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry

Publications

Oda G, Karayagmurlu A, Dagli I, Aren G, Soylu N. Oral Health Status in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Cross Sectional Study from Turkey. Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences 2021;11(3):186-192. Doi: 10.5455/PBS.20210321075312

Birant S, Koruyucu M, Ozcan H, Ilisulu C, Kasimoglu Y, Avcu N, Kocaaydin S, Bektas D, Usta G, Akay C, Bekiroglu N, Seymen F. Investigating the Level of Knowledge of the Community about Oral and Dental Health [published online ahead of print, 2020 Sep 15]. Eur J Dent. 2020;10.1055/s-0040-1716583.
 

Usta G., Çağlar E., Aren G., “Diş Hekimlerinin Enfektif Endokarditi Önleme Konusundaki Bilgilerinin Değerlendirilmesi.”, Turkish Dental Association 25. International Dental Congress, Istanbul, Turkey, 4-7 September 2019, pp.373. (Sözlü Sunum, Özet Bildiri)

Can K., Usta G., Aren G., “Apexification of Immature Fractured Teeth with MTA: Case
Series.”, 11th Interim Seminar & Guidelines Workshop of the European Academy of
Paediatric Dentistry, Crete, Greece, 2-4 May 2019, pp.52. (Poster Sunumu, Özet Bildiri)
 

Usta G., Güven Y., Sarp P., Aren G., “Radicular cyst associated with a primary second molar: a case report.”, International Association of Paediatric Dentistry Regional Meeting and 25th Congress of Turkish Society of Paediatric Dentistry, İstanbul, Turkey, 12-14 October 2018, pp180. (Poster Sunumu, Özet Bildiri)
 

Usta G., Kasımoğlu Y., Aren G., “Replante Edilen Bir Dişte İnflamatuar Rezorpsiyonun Tedavisi.” Turkish Dental Association 24. International Dental Congress, Ankara, Turkey, 27-30 September 2018, pp.648-649. (Poster Sunumu, Özet Bildiri)

Koruyucu M., Birant S., Özcan H., İlisulu C., Kasımoğlu Y., Üstün N., Kocaaydın S., Dinç D., Usta G., Akay C., Bekiroğlu N., Seymen F., “Investigation the level of knowledge of the community about oral and dental health.”, International Congress On Preventive Dentistry, Erzurum, Turkey, 5-8 March 2018. (Sözlü Sunum, Özet Bildiri).

Aren G., Usta G., Çayırcı M., Acar B., “Assessment of parents' knowledge and attitudes about artificial additives in toothpaste and brushing / Survey Study.”, International Congress On Preventive Dentistry, Erzurum, Turkey, 5-8 March 2018. (Sözlü Sunum, Özet Bildiri)

Aksakal D., Usta G., Aren G., “Conservative management of an ectopıically erupting permanent maxillar molar: a case report.”, International Congress On Preventive Dentistry, Erzurum, Turkey, 5-8 March 2018. (Poster Sunumu, Özet Bildiri)

Usta G., Kasımoğlu Y., Aren G., “Treatment of Anterior Crossbite in Mixed Dentition: Case Series.” Turkish Dental Association 23. International Dental Congress, Istanbul, Turkey, 21- 24 September 2017, Turkiye Klinikleri J Dental Sci 2017;23(Suppl) pp.421. (Poster Sunumu, Özet Bildiri)

Usta G., Aren G., Çayırcı M., “Management of Enamel Hypoplasia With Direct Composite Restorations: Two Case Reports.” AIC 19th International Congress and CONSEURO, Bologna, Italy, 11-13 May 2017, Clin Oral Invest (2017)21:pp1392. (Poster Sunumu, Özet Bildiri)

Lire la suite
Facettes en zircone
Photos Avant et Après
Facettes en zircone
Prix du package tout compris :
20 FORFAIT COURONNE DE ZIRCONIA
$6200
Voir l'offre
image
Hakan Alpay Karasu
Oral and maxillofacial surgeon
33 années d'expérience
Turquie, Ankara
Medipol University Ankara Dental Hospital

Hakan Alpay Karasu

Oral and maxillofacial surgeon
33 années d'expérience

 

Prof.Dr. Hakan Alpay Karasu, D.D.S. 

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Dean of the Faculty of Dentistry

Fields of Study and Interests

 

  • Orthognathic Surgery
  • Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate Surgery
  • Maxillofacial Cyst, Tumor Surgery
  • Advanced Surgical Bone Healing Techniques
  • Impacted Tooth Surgery
  • Dental Implants
  • TME surgery
  • Jaw-Face Traumas
  • Jaw joint disorders

 

Education

1998 - University of London, Department of Oral, Dental and Maxillofacial Surgery

  • 1991- Ankara University Faculty of Dentistry

Career

Ankara Medipol University Faculty of Dentistry

University of London, Faculty of Dentistry

  • Ankara University, Department of Oral, Dental and Maxillofacial Surgery
  • Gülhane Military Medicine Academy, Faculty of Dentistry

 

Publications and Congress Statements

1.Karasu HA., Okçu KM., Ortakoğlu K., Bayar GR., Aydıntuğ Y., "Treatment of Temporomandibular Joint Ankylosis with Temporalis Superficial Fascia Flap" Mil Med,2005;170(2):167
2. Özer L., Karasu HA., Aras K., Tokman B., Ersoy E., "Dentin Dysplasia Type 1: Report of Atypical Cases in The Permanent and Mixt Dentitions" Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radio/ Endod, 2004;98:85-90
3. Sayan NB., Üçok C., Karasu HA., Günhan Ö., "Peripheral Osteoma of The Oral and Maxillofacial Region: A Study of 35 New Cases" J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2002;60:1299-1301
4. Doğan N., Üçok C., Korkmaz C., Üçok Ö., Karasu HA., "The Effects of Articaine Hydrochloride on Wound Healing: An Experimental Study" J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2003;61:1467-1470
5. Karasu HA., Ortakoğlu K., Okçu M., Günhan Ö., "Osteochondroma of the Mandibular Condyle: Report of a Case and Review of the Literature" Mil Med, 2005;170(9):79

6. Altug Ataç AT., Karasu HA., Aytaç D., "Surgically Assisted Rapid Maxillary Expansion Compared with Orthopedic Rapid Maxillar Expansion" Angle Orthodontist, 2006;76(3):353-359
7. Sayan NB., Karasu HA., Uyanik LO., Aytaç D., "Two- stage Treatment of TMJ Ankylosis by Early Surgical Approach and Distraction Osteogenesis" J Craniofac Surg,2007;18(1):212-217
8. Üçok C., Karasu HA., Orhan K., Üçok Ö., Tuncer N., "Intravascular Papillary Endothelial Hyperplasia and Osteoma: A Case Report of an Individual with 2 Different Pathologies" Quintessence Int, 2007;38, (2):88-91
9. Kurt G. Altuğ-Atac AT., Ataç MS., Karasu HA., “Stability of SARME and OME after 3 years Follow-up.” The Angle Orthodontist. 2010;80(4):613-619
10. Kurt G., Altuğ-Atac AT., Ataç MS., Karasu HA., “Changes in Nasopharyngeal Airway Following Orthopedic and Surgically Assisted Rapid Maxillary Expansion” J Craniofac Surg 2010;21:312-317
11. Altuğ-Ataç AT., Ataç MS., Kurt G., Karasu HA., “Comparison of Surgically Assisted RME and Orthopedic RME: Changes in Nasal Structure” Int J Oral and Maxillofac Surg 2010;39:129-135.
12. Aydemir H, Memikoğlu U, Karasu H. Pharyngeal airway space, hyoid bone position and head posture after orthognathic surgery in Class III patients.” Angle Orthod. 2012 Nov;82(6):993-1000. doi: 10.2319/091911-597.1. Epub 2012 Apr 11. PMID:22500578
13. Efendiyeva R1, Aydemir H, Karasu H, Toygar-Memikoğlu U. “Pharyngeal airway space, hyoid bone position, and head posture after bimaxillary orthognathic surgery in Class III patients: Long-term evaluation.” Angle Orthod. 2014 Mar 7. [Epub ahead of print]
14. SUNAL AKTÜRK EZGİ, EREN HAKAN, GÖRÜRGÖZ CANSU, ORHAN KAAN, KARASU HAKAN ALPAY, AKAT BORA, TOYGAR MEMİKOĞLU TÜLİN UFUK (2020). Electromyographic, Ultrasonographic, and Ultrasound Elastographic Evaluation of the Masseter Muscle in Class III Patients Before and After Orthognathic Surgery. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery (Yayın No: 6276746)
15. Sahbaz Emir Bahman,CESUR EMRE,ALTUĞ DEMİRALP AYŞE TUBA,Ergül Kutay Can,KARASU HAKAN ALPAY,TOYGAR MEMİKOĞLU TÜLİN UFUK (2019). Is It Possible to Protract the Maxilla by Surgically Assisted Rapid Maxillary Expansion and Intermaxillary Class III Elastics? Turkish Journal of Orthodontics, 32(02), 96-104., Doi: 10.5152/Turkjorthod.2019.18060 (Yayın No: 5697928)
16. Aydemir H, Efendiyeva R, Karasu H, Toygar M, Tülin U (2015). Evaluation of Long-Term Soft Tissue Changes After Bimaxillary Orthognathic Surgery in Class III Patients. The Angle Orthodontist, 85(4), 631-637., Doi: 10.2319/062214-449.1

17. Karasu HA., Uyanık LO., Üçok C., Sayan NB., "The Use of Iliac Bone Greft on Maxillomandibular Defects" IntJ Oral Maxillofac Surg. 32(Supplement I) S39 (2003), 16 th International Conference on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Athens, Greece.

18. Üçok C., Karasu HA., Akçam O., Uyanık LO., Üçok Ö., Sayan NB., "The Use Rapid External Distraction on Cleft Patient" IntJ Oral Maxillofac Surg. 32(Supplement I) S18 (2003), 16th International Conference on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Athens, Greece.

19. Uyanık LO., Karasu HA., Aytaç D., "The use of Rigid External Distraction for Midface Hypoplasia" J Cranio-Maxillofac Surg. 34(Supplement 1) 155-156 (2006), Abstracts from the 18th Congress of The European Association for Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Barcelona, Spain.

Lire la suite
image
Arif Yigit Guler
Dentist
9 années d'expérience
Turquie, Ankara
Medipol University Ankara Dental Hospital

Arif Yigit Guler

Dentist
9 années d'expérience

Dt. Arif Yiğit Güler, D.D.S.

Oral, Dental and Maxillofacial Surgery

Fields of Study and Interests

  • Orthognathic Surgery
  • Maxillofacial Trauma
  • Dental Implant
  • Impacted Teeth
  • Treatment of Temporomandibular Joint Diseases
  • Hard Tissue and Soft Tissue Grafts
  •  
  • Education

2020- Necmettin Erbakan University, Oral, Dental and Maxillofacial Surgery. 

2015- Gazi University, Dentistry.

Work Experience

2022 Ankara Medipol University Dental Hospital

2020 - 2021 Söke Dental Polyclinic

2016 - 2020 Necmettin Erbakan University Faculty of Dentistry

Publications

KÖSEOĞLU SEÇGİN CANSU, GÖKSEL SEVDE, GÜLER ARİF YİĞİT (2023). Evaluation of the Relationship Between Infraorbital Canal Protrusion and Alveolar Process Pneumatization of the Maxillary Sinus: A Cross-Sectional Cone Beam Computed Tomography Study. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Dental Sciences, 29(4), Doi: 10.5336/dentalsci.2023-99252 (Yayın No: 8599568)

GÖKSEL SEVDE, GÜLER ARİF YİĞİT (2023). Is There a Relationship Between Maxillary Sinus’s Inferior Pneumatisation and Sinonasal Variations? A Retrospective CBCT Study. Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Research, 14(3), Doi: 10.5037/jomr.2023.14303 (Yayın No: 8530470)

MÜFTÜOĞLU ÖZGE, GÜLER ARİF YİĞİT, KARASU HAKAN ALPAY (2023). The impact of orthognathic surgery on quality of life for class III dentofacial deformities. BRITISH JOURNAL OF ORAL & MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY, 61(4), 274-277., Doi: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2023.03.001 (Yayın No: 8530341)

ESEN ÇAĞRI, ESEN ALPARSLAN, GÜLER ARİF YİĞİT, MENZİLETOĞLU DİLEK, SOĞANCI AHMET ERTAN (2022). Assessment of Alveolar Bone Loss and Buccal Bone Thickness After Surgically Assisted Rapid Maxillary Expansion. MEANDROS MEDICAL AND DENTAL JOURNAL, 23(2), 141-147., Doi: 10.4274/meandros.galenos.2020.97752 (Yayın No: 8530451)

GÜLER ARİF YİĞİT (2022). The effect of Instagram posts related to #Wisdomteeth on patients. JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY, 123(2), 155-157., Doi: 10.1016/j.jormas.2021.05.007 (Yayın No: 8530323)

NAİBOĞLU PINAR, GÜLER ARİF YİĞİT, GÖKSEL SEVDE (2022). State-Trait Anxiety Levels, Dental Anxiety Levels and Vaccine Hesitancy in a Group of Turkish Dental Patients During COVID-19 Pandemic in Söke Region: Analytical Survey. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Dental Sciences, 28(3), Doi: 10.5336/dentalsci.2021-86686 (Yayın No: 8530486)

GÜLER ARİF YİĞİT, IŞIK BOZKURT KUBİLAY, ESEN ALPARSLAN, MENZİLETOĞLU DİLEK (2021). Assessment of pulp volume changes after surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion. JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY, 122(3), 263-266., Doi: 10.1016/j.jormas.2020.06.014 (Yayın No: 8530255)

MENZİLETOĞLU DİLEK, GÜLER ARİF YİĞİT, ÇAYIR TOLGAHAN, IŞIK BOZKURT KUBİLAY (2021). Binaural beats or 432 Hz music? which method is more effective for reducing preoperative dental anxiety?. MEDICINA ORAL PATOLOGIA ORAL Y CIRUGIA BUCAL, 26(1), 97-101., Doi: 10.4317/medoral.24051 (Yayın No: 8530275)

MENZİLETOĞLU DİLEK, GÜLER ARİF YİĞİT, IŞIK BOZKURT KUBİLAY (2020). Are YouTube videos related to dental implant useful for patient education?. JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY, 121(6), 661-664., Doi: 10.1016/j.jormas.2019.12.022 (Yayın No: 8530218)

MENZİLETOĞLU DİLEK, GÜLER ARİF YİĞİT, BAŞTÜRK FUNDA, IŞIK BOZKURT KUBİLAY (2020). Comparison of Surgical Drain Placement With Use of Kinesiologic Tape on Postoperative Pain, Swelling, and Trismus in Impacted Mandibular Third Molar Surgery. JOURNAL OF ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY, 78(11), 1-7., Doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2020.06.023 (Yayın No: 8530298)

MENZİLETOĞLU DİLEK, GÜLER ARİF YİĞİT, BAŞTÜRK FUNDA, IŞIK BOZKURT KUBİLAY, ERDUR EMİRE AYBÜKE (2020). Comparison of two different flap designs for bilateral impacted mandibular third molar surgery. JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY, 121(4), 368- 372., Doi: 10.1016/j.jormas.2019.08.006 (Yayın No: 8530317)

Lire la suite
image
Omer Bayar
Dentist
8 années d'expérience
Turquie, Ankara
Doctor Bayar Dental Clinics

Omer Bayar

Dentist
8 années d'expérience

Dr. Ömer Bayar was born on October 3, 1992, in Eskişehir, Turkey. After completing his primary and secondary education at Atayurt College between 1998 and 2006, he attended Eskişehir Anadolu High School from 2006 to 2010.

 

He graduated from Başkent University’s Faculty of Dentistry in 2015 and has been working at his clinic since 2017. In addition, he pursued a PhD in Prosthodontics at Başkent University’s Faculty of Dentistry, graduating as a prosthodontist in 2023.

 

Dr. Bayar specializes in aesthetic dentistry, smile design, implantology, and oral and maxillofacial surgery. He stays current in his field by attending various international congresses and seminars. His expertise includes full-mouth rehabilitation and smile makeovers for complex dental misalignments and jaw malpositions; implant surgeries for patients with severe bone deficiencies, bone grafting, and the "immediate implant" technique, which involves placing an implant at the time of tooth extraction. His PhD thesis, titled "Surface Roughness of Polished and Glazed 5Y-TZP Monolithic Zirconia Blocks After Brushing Simulation," has been published in both local and international academic journals.

Lire la suite
Choisir le bon médecin et la bonne clinique : conseils d'initiés
Lors du choix d’un médecin ou d’une clinique, gardez ces points essentiels à l’esprit :
Vérifiez les qualifications
Vérifiez les certifications d’organismes tels que l’ISAPS, la JCI, etc.
Examinez les taux de réussite
Choisissez des médecins ayant une solide expérience dans votre traitement spécifique.
Lisez les avis des patients
Consultez les avis patients réels sur Bookimed pour découvrir leur expérience.
Assurer la communication
Choisissez des cliniques offrant un support linguistique pour un traitement fluide.
Demander les services
Confirmez s'ils offrent un hébergement et des transferts, et vérifiez les coûts.
Choisir une clinique à l'étranger peut être stressant. Chez Bookimed, avec plus de 800 000 patients aidés, nous comprenons vos préoccupations. Nous savons comment trouver des médecins de confiance, les meilleures options qualité-prix, et des solutions pour les cas les plus complexes. Nous sommes là pour vous guider à chaque étape.
image
Yan Matsiivskiy
Responsable de l'équipe de coordination médicale
image
Naz Bayar
Dentist
5 années d'expérience
Turquie, Ankara
Doctor Bayar Dental Clinics

Naz Bayar

Dentist
5 années d'expérience

Dr. Naz Bayar was born on July 16, 1995, in Iran. After completing her primary education, she attended Sampad Farzanegan Schools for secondary and college education.

 

She graduated from Başkent University’s Faculty of Dentistry in 2019. Additionally, she pursued a PhD in Restorative Dentistry at Gazi University’s Faculty of Dentistry, graduating as a Doctor of Restorative Dentistry in 2024.

 

Dr. Bayar specializes in aesthetic dentistry, including smile design with composite bonding and laminates. She is also skilled in complex dental fillings, repairing broken teeth, fiber bridges, and professional dental whitening and cleaning. Her PhD thesis, titled "Evaluation of the Effect of Whitening Toothpastes Applied with a Brushing Simulator on the Surface Roughness of Anterior Composite Resin Restorations," has been published in both local and international academic journals.

Lire la suite
image
Funda Sarikaya
Dentist
8 années d'expérience
Turquie, Ankara
Funda Sarıkaya Diş Polikliniği - Dental Clinic - Oran Çankaya Ankara

Funda Sarikaya

Dentist
8 années d'expérience

About Funda Sarıkaya Dental Clinic

Located in the prestigious Park Oran district of Çankaya, Ankara, Funda Sarıkaya Dental Clinic is a leading provider of advanced dental care. Under the leadership of Dr. Funda Sarıkaya, an accomplished orthodontist, we combine expertise, innovation, and personalized care to deliver exceptional results for both local and international patients.

With a strong focus on health tourism, our clinic is designed to meet the needs of foreign and domestic patients, ensuring a comfortable, reliable, and stress-free experience.

Why Choose Us?

  • Expert Care: Dr. Funda Sarıkaya and her team bring years of experience, supported by international qualifications and advanced training.
  • Cutting-Edge Technology: From digital radiography and laser dentistry to high-resolution imaging, our state-of-the-art equipment ensures precision and efficiency.
  • Comprehensive Services: We offer a full spectrum of dental treatments for all ages.
  • Patient-Centered Approach: Flexible scheduling, multilingual support, and a focus on patient comfort set us apart.
  • Hygiene & Safety: Adhering to the highest sterilization standards, we ensure a safe and clean environment.
  • Seamless Health Tourism: Travel assistance, accommodation, and translation services make us a trusted partner for international patients.

Our Services

At Funda Sarıkaya Dental Clinic, we provide a wide array of dental treatments, including:

General Dentistry

  • Comprehensive oral exams and diagnostics
  • Routine cleanings and fluoride treatments
  • Tooth-colored fillings and sealants
  • Amalgam filling removal

Cosmetic Dentistry

  • Hollywood Smile Makeovers: Customized treatments to enhance the aesthetics of your smile
  • Teeth whitening (bleaching)
  • Porcelain veneers and laminates
  • Composite bonding for a natural look
  • Zirconia crowns for durability and aesthetics

Orthodontics

  • Traditional braces (metal and ceramic)
  • Invisalign clear aligners for discreet teeth straightening
  • Phase I orthodontic treatments for children
  • Space maintenance for early tooth loss
  • Adult orthodontics for a straighter smile at any age

Dental Implants

  • Immediate and delayed implant placement
  • Implant-supported crowns and bridges
  • Sinus lifts and guided bone regeneration (GBR)

Periodontics (Gum Treatments)

  • Scaling and root planing for gum disease management
  • Gum surgery, including flap surgery and grafts
  • Treatment for gingivitis and periodontitis

Pediatric Dentistry

  • Preventive treatments, including fluoride applications and sealants
  • Pre-orthodontic evaluations for growing children
  • Dental restorations for baby teeth

Advanced Treatments

  • Laser dentistry for minimally invasive procedures
  • One-visit dentistry for select restorations
  • Digital dentistry for precise and efficient care

Holistic Dentistry

  • A personalized approach that focuses on your overall well-being
  • Safe amalgam removal and biocompatible materials

Smile Design & Makeovers

  • Customized esthetic smile designs
  • Full smile makeovers tailored to your unique facial features

Health Tourism

As a certified health tourism provider, we offer:

  • Assistance with travel and accommodations
  • Multilingual translation services
  • Affordable, high-quality treatments with detailed pre-arrival plans

Contact Us

Let us help you achieve the smile you deserve. Book your free consultation today!

  •  
  •  
  • Website: www.fundasarikayadentaloran.com
  • Alternate Website: www.fundasarikaya.com

Visit Us

We are conveniently located in Park Oran, Çankaya, Ankara, easily accessible from major transportation hubs. Our flexible appointment scheduling ensures that your treatment is tailored to your availability.

At Funda Sarıkaya Dental Clinic, we are committed to providing exceptional dental care that goes beyond expectations. Let us help you achieve the smile you’ve always dreamed of while ensuring a positive and stress-free experience.

Lire la suite
Cette page peut contenir des informations relatives à diverses conditions médicales, traitements et services de santé disponibles dans différents pays. Veuillez noter que le contenu est fourni à des raisons d'information seulement et ne devrait pas être interprété comme conseil médical. Veuillez consulter votre médecin ou un professionnel de la santé qualifié avant d'entreprendre ou de changer de traitement médical.