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Bowel function usually stabilizes within 3-12 months.","revision_rate_pct":{"min":5,"max":15,"unit":"percent","qualifier":"Unplanned reoperation within 30-90 days, mainly for anastomotic leak, bleeding or obstruction; excludes planned stoma reversal."},"scars":"Several small port scars with laparoscopic or robotic approach plus a small extraction incision; a longer midline incision with open surgery; a stoma site if a stoma is created.","sessions_or_stages":{"sessions":{"min":1,"max":1,"unit":"visits","qualifier":"Single operation for uncomplicated resection with primary anastomosis."},"stages":[{"code":"resection","label":"Rectal resection with reconstruction (anastomosis) or end stoma","after":{"min":0,"max":0,"unit":"days","qualifier":"Day of surgery."}}],"qualifier":"Staged stoma reversal or neoadjuvant therapy are separate treatments and not included."},"success":{"metric":"Local recurrence-free survival after curative rectal cancer resection","value":95,"unit":"percent","horizon":"5 years","population":"Adults with resectable stage I-III rectal cancer undergoing total mesorectal excision","evidence_status":"limited"},"techniques":[{"name":"Anterior resection (high or low) with total or partial mesorectal excision","suits_whom":"Most rectal tumors where the sphincter can be preserved","recovery":"Hospital stay about 4–7 days; possible temporary diverting stoma."},{"name":"Abdominoperineal resection","suits_whom":"Very low tumors involving the sphincter complex","recovery":"Permanent end colostomy; perineal wound healing may extend recovery."},{"name":"Laparoscopic or robotic approach","suits_whom":"Selected patients with suitable anatomy and surgeon expertise","recovery":"Often shorter hospital stay and quicker early recovery than open surgery."},{"name":"Open resection","suits_whom":"Complex, bulky or previously operated cases","recovery":"Longer incision and typically somewhat longer recovery."}],"treatment_conditions":["inpatient"],"treatment_duration_hours":{"min":3,"max":6,"unit":"hours","qualifier":"Operating time for uncomplicated elective rectal resection; varies with approach and complexity."},"initial_assessment_documents":["Colonoscopy report with biopsy histology","Pelvic MRI report and images","CT chest and abdomen report","CEA blood test result","Recent blood tests and ECG","Previous abdominal surgery operative reports (if available)"],"travel_trips":{"min":1,"max":1,"one_trip_possible":true,"qualifier":"Single operation; stay 7-14 days including hospital stay and discharge clearance. Follow-up usually done at home; stoma reversal is separate."},"clinic_checks":{"status":"ok","items":[{"id":"C1","text":"Understand the possible complications and side effects of the treatment before booking","scope":"treatment_type","source":{"url":"https://www.nhs.uk/using-the-nhs/healthcare-abroad/going-abroad-for-treatment/treatment-abroad-checklist/","host":"nhs.uk","quote":"Make sure you understand the possible complications and side effects that could arise from your treatment.","tier":"tier1_medical","fetched_at":"2026-11-13","http_status":200}},{"id":"C2","text":"Get a second opinion from a doctor before deciding on the treatment","scope":"treatment_type","source":{"url":"https://www.nhs.uk/using-the-nhs/healthcare-abroad/going-abroad-for-treatment/treatment-abroad-checklist/","host":"nhs.uk","quote":"A doctor can give you a valuable second opinion as well as advice about treatment options and whether it's necessary.","tier":"tier1_medical","fetched_at":"2026-11-13","http_status":200}},{"id":"C3","text":"Check the qualifications of the medical team treating you","scope":"treatment_abroad","source":{"url":"https://www.nhs.uk/using-the-nhs/healthcare-abroad/going-abroad-for-treatment/treatment-abroad-checklist/","host":"nhs.uk","quote":"Have you checked the qualifications of the medical team treating you?","tier":"tier1_medical","fetched_at":"2026-11-13","http_status":200}},{"id":"C4","text":"Check that you can ask the team questions about your treatment","scope":"treatment_abroad","source":{"url":"https://www.nhs.uk/using-the-nhs/healthcare-abroad/going-abroad-for-treatment/treatment-abroad-checklist/","host":"nhs.uk","quote":"Have you been able to ask them questions about your treatment?","tier":"tier1_medical","fetched_at":"2026-11-13","http_status":200}},{"id":"C5","text":"Check the facilities and standards at the clinic or hospital where you will be treated","scope":"treatment_abroad","source":{"url":"https://www.nhs.uk/using-the-nhs/healthcare-abroad/going-abroad-for-treatment/treatment-abroad-checklist/","host":"nhs.uk","quote":"Are you satisfied with the facilities and standards at the clinic or hospital where you'll be treated?","tier":"tier1_medical","fetched_at":"2026-11-13","http_status":200}},{"id":"C6","text":"Confirm how your aftercare will be coordinated","scope":"treatment_abroad","source":{"url":"https://www.nhs.uk/using-the-nhs/healthcare-abroad/going-abroad-for-treatment/treatment-abroad-checklist/","host":"nhs.uk","quote":"Ensure you're clear about how your aftercare will be coordinated.","tier":"tier1_medical","fetched_at":"2026-11-13","http_status":200}}],"checked_at":"2026-11-13","next_check_at":"2027-11-13","version":1},"red_flags":{"status":"ok","items":[{"id":"F1","text":"A hard sell for treatment abroad is a warning 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sign","scope":"treatment_abroad","source":{"url":"https://www.nhs.uk/using-the-nhs/healthcare-abroad/going-abroad-for-treatment/treatment-abroad-checklist/","host":"nhs.uk","quote":"a hard sell a lack of information pressure to make a quick decision no discussion of possible complications no mention of aftercare","tier":"tier1_medical","fetched_at":"2026-11-13","http_status":200}},{"id":"F4","text":"No discussion of possible complications is a warning sign","scope":"treatment_abroad","source":{"url":"https://www.nhs.uk/using-the-nhs/healthcare-abroad/going-abroad-for-treatment/treatment-abroad-checklist/","host":"nhs.uk","quote":"a hard sell a lack of information pressure to make a quick decision no discussion of possible complications no mention of 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surgery","name":"Chemotherapy for rectal cancer","source":{"url":"https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bowel-cancer/treatment/","host":"nhs.uk","quote":"before surgery to shrink the cancer and make it easier to remove after surgery to try to stop the cancer coming back if you're unable to have surgery if cancer has spread to other parts of your body","tier":"tier1_medical","fetched_at":"2026-11-13","http_status":200},"operation_id":null}],"checked_at":"2026-11-13","next_check_at":"2027-11-13","version":1},"technique_details":{"status":"ok","items":[{"id":"anterior-resection","name":"Anterior resection (high or low) with total or partial mesorectal excision","how_it_works":{"status":"missing","reason":"no_official_source"},"recovery_daily":{"status":"missing","reason":"no_official_source"}},{"id":"abdominoperineal-resection","name":"Abdominoperineal resection","how_it_works":{"text":"The lower bowel and anus are removed and the area is 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